Aceptación y compromiso versus coaching conductual en un programa nutricional y de actividad física contra el sobrepeso / Acceptance and Commitment Versus Behavioral Coaching in a Nutritional and Physical Activity Program Against to Overweight

Resumen En los últimos años, Colombia registra un aumento tanto de sobrepeso como de obesidad, aspecto que produce el establecimiento de modelos complejos de intervención que generen cambios de actitud, compromiso en las personas y el mejoramiento de hábitos alimenticios y de actividad física. Este estudio pretendió comparar la efectividad entre dos componentes psicológicos (estrategias conductuales tradicionales y un entrenamiento en aceptación y compromiso), sumados al entrenamiento físico concurrente y la educación nutricional (junto con una dieta hipocalórica), sobre variables antropométricas, la aptitud física, los aspectos de la conducta alimentaria y la sintomatología de salud mental. El diseño de investigación fue de caso único ABA (línea base-intervención-línea base) para cada condición de tratamiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por cinco mujeres y un hombre, entre los 33 y 49 años de edad, con preobesidad y obesidad tipo I, asignados entre los grupos de coaching conductual y entrenamiento en aceptación y compromiso. Los hallazgos muestran un mejoramiento en: composición corporal, resistencia aeróbica, fuerza prensil, compromiso y fusión cognitiva frente a situación de alimentación y actividad física en dos participantes de la estrategia de aceptación y compromiso, mientras que hubo mayor variación en los resultados de los participantes de coaching conductual. Este es un pilotaje de un estudio con mayor capacidad de inferencia.

Abstract There is an increase in both overweight and obesity in the world, aspect that tends for the approach of integral models of intervention, that generate changes in attitude, and commitment in people towards their eating habits and physical activity, that counteract a sedentary lifestyle and the influence of counterproductive processed foods for energy balance. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness between two psychological components (traditional behavioral strategies and a 6-session acceptance and commitment training), added together, each one: a) concurrent physical training (strength/endurance) with bioadaptation process, b) hypocaloric diet and c) Nutritional education. Measurements of anthropometric variables were obtained, physical fitness and mental health symptoms, while the average of steps was measured during the whole process, constituting this part in a single ABA case design for each treatment condition. The sample consisted of five women and one man, between 33 and 49 years of age, with pre-obesity and type I obesity, assigned in a non-random way between the behavioral coaching and acceptance and commitment training groups. In physical training, priority was initially given to the conditional capacity of strength, being an incident in the mobilization of large muscle groups (multi-joint) in order to generate a greater caloric expenditure, directly influencing exercises that optimize postural hygiene by working in the core zone and complementing training with synergistic or accompanying biarticular exercises in the movement of daily physical activities, subsequently the execution of aerobic resistance in search of the increase in the maximum oxygen consumption capacity ( max), ending with the implementation of vital flexibility exercises for physical exercise releasing muscle tension, favoring conditional physical ability. Regarding the intervention of the nutritional component, the most important input to begin to identify eating habits and subsequently modify them was the 24-hour reminder, applying in the first week of the baseline and the reversal phase. The nutritional intervention consisted of: (a) education so that participants understood and generated greater adherence to the nutritional proposal and (b) hypocaloric diet, reducing daily intake between 500 and 600 kilocalories per day. A follow-up anthropometric assessment was also carried out towards the third week of the intervention phase to obtain feedback on the incidence of their behavior on the anthropometric variables. Regarding the record of the number of steps, both in the baseline and reversion phases the monitor screens were covered, contrary to the intervention phase, since its observation allows self-monitoring towards the weekly personal goal of steps that was established and accompanied by a professional, who in turn generated a graph with the results of the week and gave feedback to each participant. The findings show an improvement in: body composition, aerobic endurance (VO2 max) and grip strength, being the main factor of result in the realization of the physical exercise. Likewise, an increase in the number of steps from the baseline is identified in both groups (X = 9 228.07; S = 1 985.89) to the intervention phase (X = 9 734.22; S = 1 660.86) and a decrease in reversion (X = 9 099.88; S = 2 328.69). In the acceptance and commitment group, no increase in mental health symptoms was identified, increased or sustained cognitive restriction and decreased scores for uncontrolled eating and emotional eating, while there was greater variation in the results of the behavioral coaching participants. This is a pilot of a study with greater capacity for inference.

Decreasing for walking steps with collegiate students during COVID-19 pandemic in Japan –A survey based on smartphone application– / 体力科学

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread worldwide. In Japan, From April 16 to May 25, 2020, a state of emergency was declared and people were “strongly requested to refrain from going out unnecessarily and thoroughly reduce contact with others.” As a result, the number of steps of all generations was expected to be lower than usual due to the novel coronavirus disease pandemic. This study investigated the weather walking steps decrease in the collegiate student due to COVID-19. A total of 221 collegiate students used their smartphones to enter the average number of steps taken every month from January to May. The number of steps taken by all students was 4,988±2,345 steps in January, 5182±2,516 steps in February, 5,118±2,291 steps in March, 3,281±1,689 steps in April, and 2,834±1,676 steps in May. A comparison between sex groups showed that the number of steps in April and May was significantly different (p<0.05), which means that the steps of women group was lower than that of men. These results suggest that the number of steps taken by students decreased with the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease.

Uso de histórias sociais em sala de aula para crianças com autismo / Uso de historias sociales en clase para niños con autismo / Use of social stories in classroom to children with autism

RESUMO Indivíduos com o Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo (TEA) podem apresentar déficits em comportamentos sociais, como linguagem e interações interpessoais. Intervenções utilizando histórias sociais têm mostrado resultados promissores no ensino de comportamentos socialmente adequados e na redução de comportamentos socialmente inadequados em sala de aula, entre outros ambientes. Histórias sociais são personalizadas a partir do repertório comportamental de cada criança e apresentam as contingências de reforçamento envolvidas no comportamento desejado, no próprio ambiente em que o comportamento ocorre. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da apresentação de histórias sociais na aprendizagem de comportamentos adequados e na redução de comportamentos inadequados de crianças com TEA em sala de aula. Os participantes foram dois meninos de seis e nove anos de idade, com diagnóstico de TEA, que apresentavam comportamentos inadequados diante de demanda social em ambiente escolar. Comportamentos-alvo para cada participante foram inseridos nas histórias sociais que mostravam as contingências do comportamento inadequado e da resposta alternativa adequada. Antes do início do período em que os comportamentos ocorriam com maior frequência, as histórias foram lidas para as crianças e as frequências dos comportamentos-alvo foram registradas durante a aula. Comportamentos adequados eram reforçados e os inadequados eram seguidos de procedimentos de correção. Os resultados indicaram aumento nos comportamentos adequados e diminuição nos inadequados para os dois participantes, e a diminuição da frequência de outros comportamentos inadequados não tratados diretamente na história social como efeito do engajamento em repertórios adequados de participação nas tarefas em sala de aula. Portanto, as histórias sociais parecem representar uma estratégia promissora na redução de comportamentos inadequados e aumento de adequados em sala de aula, com tempo curto de aplicação e baixo custo de construção dos materiais utilizados.

RESUMEN Los individuos con autismo pueden presentar déficit en comportamientos sociales, como lenguaje e interacciones interpersonales. Las intervenciones que utilizan historias sociales han apuntado resultados prometedores en la enseñanza de comportamientos socialmente adecuados y en la reducción de comportamientos socialmente inadecuados en clase, entre otros ambientes. Las historias sociales son personalizadas a partir del repertorio conductual de cada niño y presentan las contingencias de refuerzo involucradas en el comportamiento deseado, en el propio ambiente en que el comportamiento ocurre. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar los efectos de la presentación de historias sociales en el aprendizaje de comportamientos adecuados y en la reducción de comportamientos inadecuados de niños con autismo en clase. Los participantes fueron dos niños de 6 y 9 años de edad, con diagnóstico de autismo, que presentaban comportamientos inadecuados ante demanda social en ambiente escolar. Los comportamientos objetivo para cada participante fueron insertados en las historias sociales que mostraban las contingencias del comportamiento inadecuado y de la respuesta alternativa adecuada. Antes del inicio del período en que los comportamientos ocurrían con más frecuencia, las historias fueron leídas para los niños y las frecuencias de los comportamientos objetivo se registraron durante la clase. Los comportamientos adecuados se reforzaban y los inadecuados se seguían de procedimientos de corrección. Los resultados indicaron aumento en los comportamientos adecuados y disminución en los inadecuados para los dos participantes, y también la disminución de la frecuencia de otros comportamientos inadecuados no tratados directamente en la historia social como efecto del compromiso en repertorios adecuados de participación en las tareas en el aula. Por lo tanto, las historias sociales parecen representar una estrategia prometedora en la reducción de comportamientos inadecuados y aumento de adecuados en el aula, con tiempo corto de aplicación y bajo costo de construcción de los materiales utilizados.

ABSTRACT Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may present deficits in social behaviors such as language and interpersonal interactions. Interventions that use social stories have shown promising results in teaching socially appropriate behaviors and in reducing socially inappropriate behaviors in the classroom, among other environments. Social stories are personalized from behavioral repertoire of each child and present the contingencies of reinforcement involved in the desired behavior, in the very environment in which the behavior occurs. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of social stories in the learning of appropriate behaviors and in the reduction of inappropriate behaviors of children with ASD in the classroom. The participants were two boys, 6 and 9 years old, diagnosed with ASD, who presented inadequate behaviors in response to social demands in school environment. Target behaviors for each participant were inserted into social stories that showed contingencies of inappropriate behavior and the appropriate alternative response. Before the beginning of the period in which the behaviors occurred more frequently, the stories were read to the children and the frequencies of target behaviors were recorded during class. Appropriate behaviors were encouraged and inappropriate ones were followed by correction procedures. Results indicated an increase in appropriate behaviors and a decrease in inappropriate behaviors for both participants, as well as a decrease in frequency of other inappropriate behaviors not directly addressed in the social stories as an effect of engagement in adequate repertoires of participation in classroom tasks. Therefore, social stories seem to represent a promising strategy in reducing inappropriate behaviors and increasing appropriate ones in the classroom, with short application time and low cost of construction of the materials used.

Psychometric Properties of the Self-efficacy Scale for a Healthy Diet in Individuals with Obesity / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoeficacia para una Alimentación Saludable en Individuos con Obesidad

Abstract Background Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute certain behaviors and determines changes in the lifestyle of persons with chronic diseases such as obesity. There is currently no instrument with optimal psychometric properties measuring self-efficacy for a healthy diet. HAPA is a theoretical framework that can describe, explain, and predict health behavior changes and its relationship with self-efficacy, and it that is useful for the development of interventions, particularly in the area of healthy diets. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure self-efficacy for a healthy diet in Mexican population with obesity and the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Self-Efficacy Scale for a Healthy Diet (SSHD). Method The sample included 202 participants receiving care in public obesity clinics. The SSHD applied is a Likert-type scale developed from the Health Action Process Approach containing 45 items. Omega coefficient and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were estimated to evaluate the psychometric properties. Results The scale has good measures of goodness of fit χ2 = 66.49; p < .001; χ2 SB/gl = 41; CFIS = .955; NFI = .893; RMSEAS = .056 (95% CI [.029, .079]) and total scale reliability of ω = .896 (CI 95% [.876, .915]). Discussion and conclusion The SSHD is a reliable, valid instrument for measuring the three types of self-efficacies proposed in HAPA in people with obesity who require changes to adhere to a healthier diet.

Resumen Antecedentes La autoeficacia es la creencia en las capacidades percibidas para realizar cualquier comportamiento; determina cambios en el estilo de vida de personas con enfermedades crónicas como la obesidad. Actualmente no existe un instrumento con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas que mida la autoeficacia para seguir una dieta saludable. El Modelo Procesual de Acciones en Salud (HAPA, por sus siglas en inglés) es un modelo teórico que describe, explica y predice cambios en la conducta y su relación con la autoeficacia, especialmente en el área de la alimentación saludable. Objetivo Desarrollar un instrumento que mida la autoeficacia para una alimentación saludable en población mexicana con obesidad. Con ello se obtuvieron las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoeficacia para una Alimentación Saludable (EAAS). Método La muestra incluyó 202 personas adultas con obesidad que se encontraban en tratamiento para reducir su peso corporal. Se aplicó la EAAS; ésta es una Escala tipo Likert desarrollada con base en el Modelo Procesual de Acciones en Salud (HAPA, por sus siglas en inglés) y consta de 45 reactivos. Se obtuvo la validez de constructo, se estimaron coeficiente omega y análisis factorial confirmatorio para obtener las propiedades psicométricas. Resultados La escala tiene buenas medidas de bondad de ajuste χ2 = 66.49; p < .001; χ2 S-B/gl = 41; CFIS = .955; NFI = .893; RMSEAS = .056 (IC 95% [.029, .079]) y de confiabilidad de la escala total ω = .896 (IC 95% [.876, .915]). Discusión y conclusión La EAAS es un instrumento válido y confiable para medir los tres tipos de autoeficacia que propone el modelo HAPA en personas con obesidad que requieren cambios en la conducta alimentaria.

Comparison of three behavior modification techniques for management of anxious children aged 4–8 years

BACKGROUND: An inability to cope with threatening dental stimuli, i.e., sight, sound, and sensation of airotor, manifests as anxiety and behavioral management problems. Behavior modification techniques involving pre-exposure to dental equipment will give children a first-hand experience of their use, sounds, and clinical effects. The aim of this study was to compare the techniques of Tell-Show-Play-doh, a smartphone dentist game, and a conventional Tell-Show-Do method in the behavior modification of anxious children in the dental operatory. METHODS: Sixty children in the age group of 4-8 years, with Frankl's behavior rating score of 2 or 3, requiring Class I and II cavity restorations were divided into three groups. The groups were Group 1: Tell-Show-Play-doh; Group 2: smartphone dentist game; and Group 3: Tell-Show-Do technique and each group comprised of 20 children. Pulse rate, Facial Image Scale (FIS), Frankl's behavior rating scale, and FLACC (Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability) behavior scales were used to quantify anxious behavior. Operator compliance was recorded through a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed lower mean pulse rates, lower FIS and FLACC scores, higher percentage of children with Frankl's behavior rating score of 4, and better operator compliance in both the Tell-Show-Play-doh and smartphone dentist game groups than in the conventional Tell-Show-Do group. CONCLUSION: The Tell-Show-Play-doh and smartphone dentist game techniques are effective tools to reduce dental anxiety in pediatric patients.

Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral modification of obese adults who underwent nutritional and physical activity education. Twenty obese females, aged 20–60 years old, with BMIs (Body Mass Index) >30 or body fat (%) >40 were subjected to this study. METHODS: The physical activity education program consisted of doing exercise in a gymnasium together or home exercise. Dietary attitudes and dietary intakes were assessed using weight control, physical activity, and eating habits. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks. RESULTS: After the study period, there was significant improvement in physical activity and eating habits score. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the dietary intakes of fiber, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and niacin. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels showed a tendency to decrease, but there was no significant difference. BMI, fat mass, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat levels were significantly reduced while muscle mass significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that behavioral modification by nutrition and physical activity education with feedback has positive effects on dietary intake and anthropometric biomarkers in obese adults. Therefore, lifestyle interventions of this kind could be recommended as a method for obesity management.

Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral modification of obese adults who underwent nutritional and physical activity education. Twenty obese females, aged 20–60 years old, with BMIs (Body Mass Index) >30 or body fat (%) >40 were subjected to this study. METHODS: The physical activity education program consisted of doing exercise in a gymnasium together or home exercise. Dietary attitudes and dietary intakes were assessed using weight control, physical activity, and eating habits. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks. RESULTS: After the study period, there was significant improvement in physical activity and eating habits score. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the dietary intakes of fiber, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and niacin. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels showed a tendency to decrease, but there was no significant difference. BMI, fat mass, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat levels were significantly reduced while muscle mass significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that behavioral modification by nutrition and physical activity education with feedback has positive effects on dietary intake and anthropometric biomarkers in obese adults. Therefore, lifestyle interventions of this kind could be recommended as a method for obesity management.

Prácticas de Crianza Positiva: Entrenamiento a padres para reducir Bullying / Positive Child Rearing Practices: Parents training for reduce bullying

El estudio buscó evaluar la eficacia de un programa de prácticas de crianza positiva dirigido a padres para reducir el bullying y aumentar la conducta pro-social de sus hijos. Participaron ocho parejas y dos padres solteros de 10 niños identificados como bullies. La mitad de los padres conformó el grupo control y se entrenó a la otra mitad para identificar la conducta agresiva y pro-social de sus hijos, sus antecedentes y consecuentes. Durante ocho sesiones semanales se entrenó a los padres a establecer límites, reforzar la conducta pro-social y las alternas a las agresivas, a sobre-corregir, desaprobar levemente, castigar y extinguir la conducta agresiva. Padres y maestros registraron durante tres semanas de línea base y ocho de tratamiento, la frecuencia de emisión de conductas pro-sociales (hacer la tarea, ayudar con tareas domésticas y recoger sus juguetes) y de conducta agresiva física y verbal. Los resultados mostraron una reducción significativa de la conducta agresiva y un aumento de la pro-social respecto tanto a la línea base como a la frecuencia de emisión de esas conductas por los niños del grupo control. Notablemente, la conducta también cambió en la escuela. Se discute la efectividad de las intervenciones con padres para reducir la conducta de bullying en diferentes contextos.

The study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a positive child rearing program with parents for reducing bullying and incrementing pro-social behavior of their children. Participants were eight couples and two single parents of 10 children identified as bullies. Half of the parents were assigned to a control group and the other half were trained to identify aggressive and pro-social behaviors of their children, as well as their antecedents and consequences. During eight weekly sessions parents were trained to set limits, reinforce both pro-social behavior and alternative responses to the aggressive ones, to correct, slightly disapprove, punish and extinguish aggressive behavior. Frequency of emission of specific pro-social behaviors (doing homework, helping in domestic chores and picking up toys) and of physical and verbal aggression was registered by parents and teachers during three weeks of base line and during eight weeks of treatment. Results showed a significant reduction of aggressive behavior and an increase of pro-social behavior compared both to base line and to the frequency of the same behaviors by children of the control group. Notably, behavior also changed at school. Results are discussed regarding the usefulness of interventions with parents in reducing bullying behavior by their children in different contexts.

É hora de investirmos em intervenções comportamentais computadorizadas no Brasil? / Is it time to invest on computerized behavioral interventions in Brazil? / Es hora de invertir en las intervenciones conductuales computarizadas en Brasil?

Intervenções comportamentais computadorizadas apresentam evidências de eficácia para diversas condições de saúde, como transtornos de ansiedade ou de humor e abuso do uso de álcool e tabagismo. Embora apresentem efeitos relativamente pequenos, elas podem atingir um grande número de usuários simultaneamente e funcionar de forma ininterrupta. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) analisar criticamente as evidências de eficácia presentes na literatura sobre intervenções comportamentais computadorizadas; 2) avaliar o potencial de utilização no país; 3) descrever a regulamentação existente; e 4) apresentar ferramentas para desenvolvimento destas intervenções através de uma revisão narrativa da literatura. As intervenções comportamentais computadorizadas se configuram como uma potencial ferramenta para a saúde pública, devido ao crescimento do uso de computadores e internet no Brasil e ao baixo custo de seu desenvolvimento.

Studies have shown that computer-based interventions are effective treatment modality for many health conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, alcohol abuse, and nicotine dependence. Although these interventions have shown small effect sizes, they could reach a large number of people. This study aims to analyze critically the efficacy evidence of computer-based interventions in scientific literature, evaluate their potential utilization in Brazil , describe the current regulation, and introduce some development tools. To reach these aims, a narrative review of literature was performed. The computer-based interventions are configured as a potential tool for public health due to the growing use of computers and Internet in Brazil and the low cost of development.

Intervenciones conductuales informatizadas tienen evidencia de efectividad para varias condiciones de salud tales como trastornos de ansiedad, del estado de humor, el abuso del alcohol y el tabaco. A pesar de que muestran tamaños de efecto relativamente pequeñas, pueden llegar a un gran número de usuarios al mismo tiempo sin interrupción. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: analizar críticamente las evidencias de la efectividad en la literatura presente sobre el tema, evaluar el potencial de uso en el país, describir la normativa vigente y proporcionar herramientas para el desarrollo de estas intervenciones, a través de una revisión de la literatura. Las intervenciones conductuales computarizadas se configuran como una herramienta potencial para la salud pública debido al creciente uso de computadores e internet en Brasil y el bajo costo de desarrollo.

Short-term Effects of a Systematized Bladder Training Program for Idiopathic Overactive Bladder: A Prospective Study / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate whether a systematized bladder training (BT) program is effective for patients with idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 105 patients with OAB from March 2009 to November 2011. We developed a 30 minutes BT program, which consisted of first, refraining from going to the bathroom after feeling an urge to void, second, in order to stop thinking about voiding, ceasing action and thought temporarily, and third, performing pelvic floor exercises 5 to 6 times. Before and after BT, the patients filled out voiding diaries as well as the following questionnaires; International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for overactive bladder (ICIQ-OAB), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), overactive bladder questionnaire (OAB-q), the short form 36-item health survey (SF-36) questionnaire, the work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire, and a patients' perception of treatment benefit (PPTB). RESULTS: A final analysis was performed from on 85 patients (38 male, 47 female) with idiopathic OAB. After the first BT, the results of the ICIQ-OAB showed improvement in frequency, nocturia, and urgency (P<0.05), and all domains of IPSS questionnaires showed significant improvement (P<0.05). Among the SF-36 domains, the role-physical domain showed significant improvement after the first BT, and the general health domain showed significant improvement after the second. The voiding diaries showed statistically significant changes in maximal voided volume after the first BT, and nocturia index and nocturnal polyuria index after the second BT. According to the PPTB questionnaire, the perceived usefulness of BT increased after each session, and almost all of the patients replied that BT improved their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that BT was effective in improving many OAB related symptoms and quality of life in patients with idiopathic OAB. More clinical application of BT could be implemented in the future.

The role of psychological factors in aetiopathogenesis and management of obesity related diseases.

The obesity is a challenging problem in to-days world which if left un tackled leads to a variety of associated illnesses like Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disorders, Cerebro vascular accidents etc. The common etiological factors which are implicated include sedentary life style, genetic factors, dietary factors and endocrine factors, but the psychological factors are often overlooked which are the most important factor perpetuating binge eating behavour. The emotional instability, depression, stress, sexual abuse etc, often result in compulsive over eating leading to obesity. Thus the comprehensive management of obesity and the associated illnesses should include the proper tackling of these psychological components apart from other common therapies. The present article critically analyses the role of these factors in the causation of obesity and its different management strategies which includes sattvavajaya as an Ayurvedic technique.

Programa de economía de fichas en el hogar / A home-based token economy program

Se aplica un programa de economía de fichas para modificar algunos comportamientos disruptivos de un niño. Se pretende decrementar el contestar de manera inadecuada, así como hacer pataletas y propiciar la ocurrencia del seguimiento de instrucciones relacionadas con conductas como arreglar la cama, recoger y organizar los juguetes, recoger y organizar la ropa, hacer sus deberes escolares. Se hace una profunda revisión de la aplicación del programa de Economía de Fichas en diversos campos y problemas de conducta. Siguiendo un diseño ABA, los resultados confirman el cambio de comportamiento y logran un mejor ajuste de la conducta del niño en la escuela y el ambiente familiar. Se hace un análisis desde algunos principios de la economía conductual.

It applies a token economy program to modify some disruptive behaviors of a child. It is intended to decrease the answer in an inappropriate manner and make tantrums and encourage the occurrence of follow-up instructions for behaviors such as to fix the bed, collecting and organizing toys, collect and organize your clothes, do their homework. It is a thorough review of the implementation of the token economy in various fields and behavioral problems. Following an ABA design, the results confirm the behavior change made a better adjustment of the child's behavior at school and home environment. An analysis is made from some of the principles of behavioral economics.

A terapia cognitivo-comportamental no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo / Cognitive-behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder

OBJETIVO: Descrever a terapia cognitivo-comportamental no tratamento dos sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. MÉTODO: Por meio da revisão de artigos e livros-texto, descrever as origens e os fundamentos da terapia cognitivo-comportamental no tratamento dos sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. Por meio da revisão no Medline de ensaios clínicos randomizados e metanálises, apontar as evidências de eficácia dessa modalidade de tratamento. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: A terapia cognitivo-comportamental é efetiva na redução dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos em aproximadamente 70 por cento dos pacientes que aderem ao tratamento. São desafios futuros esclarecer as razões pelas quais muitos portadores não respondem ao tratamento e desenvolver novas estratégias para aumentar sua efetividade.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHOD: Through the revision of text books and articles the origins and fundamentals of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder are presented. Through the review of randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis in Medline the evidences of effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder are highlighted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder by approximately 70 percent of patients who adhere to treatment. The challenges ahead are to clarify the reasons why many patients do not respond to this kind of treatment and develop new strategies to increase its effectiveness.

Study on behavior changes using authorization theory for type 2 diabetes patients with impaired glucose regulation / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the effect of authorization theory on patients with new-diagnosed type 2 diabetes with impaired glucose regulation.Methods Authorization education on diabetes were carried out in 54 new-dhgnosed type 2 diabetes patients with impaired glucose regulation for 1 year.The blood glucose,body weight,BML,systolic and diastolic blood pressure,waist circumference,waist-hip ratio and adiponectin were examined before and after authorization education.Courses of education were divided into five steps:identify the problem;express feelings;Set goals;make a plan;evaluate the result.Results All the above factors alleviated after authorization education,P＜0.05.Conclusions Authorization education for patients can make them change their living style actively and achieve the goal of behavior change.

Consistencia entre el reporte verbal y los efectos psicofisiológicos registrados en el tratamiento de una fobia específica empleando la técnica de la Desensibilización Sistemática (DS) / Consistency between verbal report and psychophysiological effects registered in the treatment of a specific phobia using Systematic Desensitization

En la presente investigación se empleó un diseño cuasi-experimental de caso único AB para evaluar la consistencia del reporte verbal basado en Unidades Subjetivas de Ansiedad (USAS) y los efectos psicofisiológicos registrados en la aplicación de la técnica de la Desensibilización Sistemática, empleando el componente imaginario de ésta en un caso de fobia específica a las aves. Los resultados no mostraron una consistencia entre el informe verbal del sujeto, en el cual reportó, tanto cero USAS para 10 escenas ansiógenas, como una disminución en la activación fisiológica, y las medidas obtenidas en los equipos que registraban el pulso y la RGP. El pulso mostró una tendencia al aumento mientras que la RGP una tendencia a mantener los mismos niveles.

In the present research a quasi- experimental AB single case research design was used to assess the consistency of a verbal report based on Subjective Units of Discomfort (SUDS) and the psycho-physiological measures of pulse and galvanic skin response (GSR) when applying the systematic desensitization technique and using only its imaginary component in the treatment of a specific phobia to birds. The results found didn’t show a consistency between the participant’s verbal report, in which both cero SUDS were reported for 10 ansiogenic scenes and a decrease in the physiological arousal, and the measurements obtained by the equipment that registered pulse and GSR. In contrast, the pulse showed an increasing tendency and the GSR registered a tendency to maintain the same levels.

The Effects of Exercise.Behavior Modification Therapy on the Obesity Control and Self-esteem of the Obese Female College Students

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of the exercise.behavior modification therapy one the obesity control and self-esteem of the obese female college students. METHOD: Data was collected from March 10, 2006 to June 10, 2006. The research design was adopted randomized control group (EG=exercise group) pretest-posttest experimental (E . BG=exercise . behavior modification therapy group) design. The subjects were nursing students at T college. A total of 37 obese female college students(BMI: over 27mg/m2) were selected for this research. The exercise program was executed for 12 weeks and 4 days a week, and the behavior modification was therapy performed for 12 weeks and 60 minutes per week. The data were analyzed with the SPSS Win 12.0 program through the Mann-Whitney test. RESULT: BMI(Z=-3.049, p=.002) of the E . BG was significantly different from the EG. The Total Cholesterol(Z=-1.162, p=.250) of the E . BG was not significantly different from the EG. The self-esteem(Z=-3.196, p=.001) of the E.BG was significantly different from the EG. CONCLUSION: The exercise . behavior modification therapy was more effective than the exercise therapy in improving the obesity and self-esteem of the obese female college students.

Análisis bibliométrico de las tesis de pregrado y postgrado realizadas en Bogotá, sobre la implementación y evaluación de programas de terapia y modificación del comportamiento / Bibliometric analysis of the graduate and post graduate theses about behavior therapy and behavior modification carried out in Bogotá, Colombia

El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de las tesis de pregrado y de postgrado que se habían realizado desde el enfoque de terapia y modificación del comportamiento, en las instituciones de educación superior de Bogotá (capital de Colombia), hasta el año 2003 (incluido). Para ello se analizaron las siguientes variables: a) número de tesis por década, b) número de tesis por director, c) número de tesis por cada una de las técnicas y programas de terapia y modificación del comportamiento implementados, d) número de tesis por cada una de las problemáticas que se abordó en las mismas, e) número de tesis por década correspondiente a cada una de las técnicas implementadas y f) número de tesis por década perteneciente a cada una de las problemáticas que se abordó en dichas tesis. En total se analizaron 119 tesis correspondientes a ocho instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad, entre las cuales se pudieron identificar 30 técnicas o programas terapéuticos pertenecientes al enfoque en cuestión y 50 problemáticas abordadas a través de dichas técnicas o programas. Los resultados se discutieron en términos de la evolución que ha exhibido el enfoque a lo largo del período estudiado.

The objective of this investigation was to carry out a bibliometric analysis of the pre graduate and post graduate theses about behavior therapy and behavior modification, which had been concluded until the year 2003 (included) in the universities of the city of Bogotá (capital of Colombia) that offered the career of Psychology. With this purpose they were analyzed on the basis of the following variables: to) number of theses found per decade, b) theses number for director, c) number of theses for each one of the implemented behavior therapy and modification techniques and programs, d) number of theses for each one of the problems that was approached by these theses, e) theses number per decade corresponding to each one of the implemented techniques and programs and f) theses number per decade belonging to each one of the problems that was approached. In total 119 theses corresponding to eight universities of the city were analyzed, which involved 30 therapeutic techniques or programs and 50 problems approached through this techniques or programs. The results were discussed in terms of the evolution that has exhibited the behavior therapy and behavior modification approach during the studied period.

Effects of an Obesity Control Program Based on Behavior Modification and Self-efficacy in Obese Elementary School Children / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a school-based obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy for obese elementary school children. The program was composed of strategies to modify diet and exercise habits and to increase self-efficacy. METHOD: The subjects were 57 obese children (experimental group = 28, control group = 29) whose Rohler index was 150 and over. The program was implemented once a week for 12 weeks from September 16 to December 12, 2003. The data was analyzed by Fisher's exact probability, chi2-test, t-test, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. RESULT: The Rohler index, fat mass and lean body mass of the experimental group positively changed after the intervention more than those of the control group, but there was a significant difference in the Rohler index only (t=2.06, p=.045). In addition, obesity stress significantly decreased (z=-2.86, p=.047) and dietary self-efficacy significantly increased (t=2.35, p=.023) in the experimental group than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: This study supports that a school-based obesity control program based on behavior modification and self-efficacy can be effective in decreasing obesity stress and increasing dietary self-efficacy. Parents, school nurses and the other support groups should be encouraged to participate from the planning stage of the program to be effective in weight control of obese elementary school children. Also school-based program should be implemented as an essential course in the curriculum, not as an elective.

Effect of 12-week Low Calorie Diet and Behavior Modification on the Anthropomeric Indices and Biochemical Nutritional Status of Obese Woman / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 3 week low calorie diet (LCD) and a 9 week of behavior modification (BM) program on the weight loss, mineral and vitamin status in 22 obese women. The subject were healthy, obese (PIBW > 120%) women aged 20 - 50 Yr and not taking any medications known to influence body composition, mineral or vitamin metabolism During the LCD program, subjects were provided commercial liquid formulas with 125 kcal per pack and were instructed to have a formula for replacement of one meal and at least one regular meal per day within the range of daily 800 - 1200 kcal intake. During the BM program the subjects weekly attended the group nutrition counseling session to encourage themselves to modify their eating behavior and spontaneously restrict their energy intakes. The BM program focused on stimulus control, control of portion sizes and modification of binge eating and other adverse habits. The initial mean energy intake of subjects was 2016.9 +/- 129.8 kcal (100.8% of RDA) and dropped to 1276.5 +/- 435.7 kcal at the end of a 3 week of LCD program and elevated to 1762 +/- 329.3 kcal at the end of a 9 week of BM program. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were significantly decreased at the end of the LCD but carbohydrate was the only macro nutrient that showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) at the end of the BM program compared to baseline. Calcium and iron intakes decreased significantly (p < 0.01, respectively) with no significant changes in other micronutrients at the end of the LCD. The mean weight of the subjects decreased from 73.8 +/- 8.0 kg to 69.2 +/- 7.7 kg with LCD and ended up with 67.7 +/- 7.1 kg after 9 weeks of BM. The 3 weeks of LCD reduced most of the anthropometric indices such as BMI, PIBW, fat weight, wast-to-hip ratio and subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The 9 weeks of behavior modification showed slight change or maintenance of each anthropometric measurements. Weight loss and decreased WHR with the diet program induced significantly decreased systolic blood pressure. SGOT, SGPT and serum insulin levels with improved serum lipid profiles. Biochemical parameters related to iron status such as hemoglobin, hematocrit were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at the end of the LCD. But their mean values were within normal range. The mean serum 25 (OH) vitamin D3 level significantly increased after whole diet program. Serum folate level significantly decreased after 12 weeks of diet program. In conclusion 3 weeks of LCD brought 4.6 kg reduction in body weight without risk of iron, zinc or vitamin D deficiency and 9 weeks of the BM was effective to maintain nutritional status with slightly more weight reduction (1.5 kg). However calcium intake and serum folate should be monitored during the LCD and BM because of increased risk of deficiencies..

Effects of Behavior Modification on Body Image, Depression and Body Fat in Obese Korean Elementary School Children

This study was performed to investigate the effects of behavior modification on body image, depression and body fat in obese elementary school children. Sixty-two elementary students of the 4th to 6th grade were selected from two different Seoul schools. Thirty-four children in one school were designated as the experimental group, and 28 children from the other school as the control group. The experimental group received 60 - 70 minutes of behavior modification, once a week, for 8 weeks. The control group received neither management nor treatment. The results indicated a significant improvement of body image and a reduction in the increase rate of body fat for the experimental group. This finding strongly supports the theory that behavior modification can be used as an effective strategy in the treatment of obese children.